Kennedy Space Center

Teazza created this amazing version of Launch Complex 39-A (including his shuttle Crawler-Transport) and the Vehicle Assembly Building.

Sylvia Earle

Sylvia Earle is one of the world's leading oceanographers, having led more than 60 scientific expeditions with over 7000 hours underwater. Pixbymaia has made a LEGO version of Dr. Earle and even had the opportunity to pose with the original.

Legoperations

Arqu medes has made a number of Legoperations - many humorous, but some mathematical.

Volcano

Shannon Ocean built this great cross section of a volcano. You can see how the cone was built up by successive layers of ash. At the bottom you see the magma chamber and the conduit leading up to the vent, with a dike leading off to a smaller vent on the side.

Solar power

All of the electricity generation discussed so far has involved turbines. Either water is heated (by burning fuel or from nuclear fission) to make steam, that turns turbines, or wind, water or waves turn the turbines directly. Solar power works on a completely different principle. In the photovoltaic effect, absorbance of light energy causes some substances to emit electrons. In a solar cell, this movement of electricity is captured as an electric current. Unfortunately, while this has great potential as a renewable resource, it is still not used very much. A couple of years ago solar accounted for 1% of US electricity and estimates suggest this will rise to 4% by 2020. Many LEGO creations, particularly futuristic ones, feature solar panels, such as Annie Corder's city,



Doctor Sinister's Aurora Station,



and Zg1134's WALL-E.



Here's a solar power installation from Legoland Billund.



LEGO has even made two official real solar cell elements that are used in a few of the educational Dacta sets.



Here Peter Hoh used one of them to make a solar-powered car.



And that's it for our little foray into understanding how electricity is produced. I'll go back tomorrow to a series of more random MOCs that have popped up recently.

Seven minutes of terror

I'll come back to energy tomorrow, but I wanted to take a moment to congratulate the scientists and engineers at NASA on the incredible news from Mars. I'm sure if you read this blog you already picked up on this, but yesterday Curiosity landed safely on Mars. The landing used a very unique system. First a parachute helped slow down the landing vehicle, then rockets slowed down the descent stage even further, until it was left hovering about 25 feet above the surface of the planet. Then the Curiosity rover was lowered down from this 'sky crane' on cables, to touch down and roll off on its merry way. Alex Kobbs (Kooberz) made a fun video of this landing.

LEGO and wind power

LEGO has an extensive record with wind power. In their educational Dacta line, sets like 9684, Renewable Energy and 9688, Renewable Energy Add-On help kids create science experiments to learn about wind power.



In 2008 they created an exclusive set, Vestas Wind Turbine as part of their cooperation with that company (see yesterday's post). Unfortunately for LEGO fans, that set was very limited, and only available to Vestas employees.



Probably in response to the huge AFOL interest in the exclusive Vestas set, the following year LEGO released 7747, Wind Turbine Transport.



Wind turbines have also been featured in the Legoland parks, such as here in Billund.



A larger wind farm is being built at Legoland Billund, to celebrate LEGO's billion kroner investment in a wind farm being built off the coast of Germany. The company is committed to using 100% renewable energy by 2020.

Vestas Display

In 2009 LEGO partnered with the Danish wind power company Vestas to create a big public display that was in the Stockholm airport. I do not know if it is still there or if it was ever displayed at other locations. The different display boxes showed wind turbines being constructed and used all around the world. There was also a large house showing all the ways we use electricity, a free build section, and a giant turbine.

Wind energy

Windmills have been used for the past 2000 years to harness the energy of the wind to mill grain and pump water (MOCs by Darthtuner and MdrnMrvls, respectively).





In more recent years, wind power has been used to generate electricity. The idea is quite simple: wind turns the blades of the windmill, which spins a turbine, which generates electricity. Wind power generation is very efficient and completely renewable, though there is a large capital investment to build wind farms. Currently wind supplies about 4% of electricity used in the US, though proponents say that it could supply up to 20% by the year 2030. Several LEGO builders have made turbines, such as this micro version by Pbpancho,



this minifig scale installation by Matija,



and a three meter high version by Engineers Without Borders.



Here's a great MOC of a turbine transport by Marek Markiewicz.

Geothermal energy

Another way of generating electricity relies on the heat energy of the core of the earth. The earth's core reaches temperatures of up to 5000 degrees Celsius. This is in part left over heat from the origin of the planet, but is even more due to the decay of radioactive elements deep in the earth's core. This tremendous heat energy melts rock, which begins to rise. Most spectacularly, if this magma bursts through to the earth's surface, we see a volcano (here in LEGO by Bryce McGlone and Brandon Griffith).



If the magma does not burst through to the surface, but instead heats up groundwater, the resulting superheated steam can burst out in the form of a geyser (here in LEGO by Brother Steven).



Geothermal power takes advantage of this superheated groundwater. Either the steam that is created directly turns a turbine, or its heat is used to vaporize a secondary liquid that then turns a turbine. In either case, this then generates electricity. MyGreenHosting made 'a LEGO set we'd like to see': geothermal powered data center. MyGreenHosting is an Icelandic web hosting company that promotes itself as environmentally friendly because they are completely powered by geothermal and hydroelectric energy.



Geothermal electricity is efficient and nonpolluting. Unfortunately, it is very limited in application because it requires very specific geological conditions. For instance, it only accounts for 0.3% of US power. Iceland is the Saudi Arabia of geothermal, with 30% of their electricity coming from geothermal. The Phillipines, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Kenya, Nicaragua and New Zealand are other countries with at least 10% of their electricity coming from geothermal.

How Woody Guthrie won the war

I teach at a liberal arts college, and I really do believe in the liberal arts ideal. That is, a well rounded education includes an understanding of all different areas of scholarship. No subject can be treated in isolation. For instance, take something as simple as stopping at a McDonalds to buy a burger. This touches on health, which includes biology and biochemistry, to really understand what that burger is doing in your body. It also relates to economics, how large franchises such as this affect our economy. Environmental and ethical concerns can be addressed in how the food was raised to make that burger. History and sociology come in when you look at how the fast food industry helped drive (pun intended) the car culture of America. Psychology can look into how advertising helps mold the decisions we make. And that's just lunch. As you move through the day, all of the different academic pursuits give insight into everything you do.

So why bring this up in the present context? I love teaching my students about the applications of oxidation/reduction chemistry. This refers to chemical transformations that involve moving around electrons. For instance this tells us how batteries work to produce a flow of electrons. In an electrolytic cell, a flow of electrons is used to drive some chemical reaction. One example of this is the smelting of aluminum. Aluminum ore exists as an oxide, Al₂O₃. In this compound, aluminum has a charge of +3. On the other hand, pure aluminum metal has a charge of 0. How do you go from +3 to 0? You add three negatively charged electrons. For some LEGO, here are aluminum bricks by Bram Lambrecht (and, yes, they do fit together with real LEGO bricks).



This process of producing pure aluminum metal, though, requires a lot of electricity. This brings us to the 1920's and 30's. The Army Corp of Engineers and Bureau of Land Reclamation were in the process of building a large number of dams as public works projects. This was in large part driven by FDR and the desire to create jobs during the Great Depression. One proposed dam was the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River. Here's a song commissioned by Woody Guthrie to help promote federal dam projects and the BPA:



Dams could be justified economically by their ability to provide water for drinking and irrigation and also electricity. The problem was, at the time there was not a large enough population in the Pacific northwest to really require as much electricity as would be generated by this new hydroelectric dam. Here's a MOC of the Pitlochry Power Station in Scotland by Bricklove (I could swear I've seen a microscale version of the Grand Coulee Dam before, but now I can't find it, so this will do).


This opened the door to create new customers, including aluminum smelters. And what industry (aside from soda cans) most needed that aluminum? The then-growing aeronautics industry, of course. What major company is based in Seattle? Okay, yes, Starbucks, but also Boeing. There's a reason that they are based there - that's where the power and aluminum was. This growing productive capacity in the late 30's was key to the US war effort in the following decade. Quite frankly, the Axis had the rest of us on the ropes in the early years of WWII, aside from the heroic defense of Britain and the snows of Russia. But the US was relatively safe behind two oceans, and the industrial capacity fueled, in part, by hydroelectric power, helped create the weapons to beat back the forces of Germany and Japan. Here are MOCs of two of the Boeing planes that were so important in WWII, the B-17 Flying Fortress B-29 Superfortress by Orion Pax and Junlego, respectively. The B-17 was key in defeating the Germans, and the B-29 helped end the war over Japan.




There you have it, how Arlo Guthrie won the war. With a little help from electrochemistry and hydroelectric power.

Hydroelectric dam

Most electricity generation comes from heating water to make steam which turns a turbine. In the US this heat is mostly from the burning fossil of fuels (69% of electricity generation) and secondarily from nuclear fission (20%) (2009 statistics). In France, nuclear energy forms the bulk of electricity generation (78%) (2006 data). The next most important form of electricity generation is hydroelectric power (7% in the US, 11% in France).

The basic idea goes back two thousand years - using the movement of water to turn a wheel and then putting that turning to some use like grinding grain or sawing lumber. Here's a grain mill by Jojo.



Dams improve the efficiency of using water power. They do this in two ways. First, by storing up water they help even out the flow during rainy versus dry seasons. Also, by funneling the flow of water through a much narrower opening, they result in a much faster flow past the water wheel. Dams have other benefits, such as controlling flooding, acting as a reservoir for drinking or irrigation water, and even providing for recreational use. They also have downsides, in that they have a large impact on river ecosystems, for instance interfering with the migratory patterns of salmon or flooding areas (e.g. Hetch Hetchy Valley). Also, over time, dams can clog up with silt, either leading to their loss of usefulness or the need for difficult dredging programs. Here's a hydroelectric dam by Paul Janssen.



In a hydroelectric dam, the water is sent through a large pipe called the penstock, and it goes rushing through the turbines, which spin to generate electricity. Here's a power station by Peachtree.



Here's a clever ad for LEGO.

Two famous women

I'll get back to energy tomorrow, but I wanted to pause to remember Sally Ride, who passed away yesterday after a battle with pancreatic cancer. In 1983 she made history as the first American woman in space aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger. She served other roles in the Shuttle program, including working in communications for other flights, helping to develop the Shuttle's robotic arm, going into space again on a subsequent mission, and, sadly, as part of the presidential commission to investigate the 1986 Challenger explosion. Among her roles after NASA she was a professor of physics and president and CEO of Sally Ride Science, a company she founded to promote science education among grade schoolers. Here she is in LEGO by Pixbymaia.


In a coincidence of timing, when I went to the computer to post this, today's Google doodle celebrates another important woman in aerospace history, Amelia Earhart, as today is the 115th anniversary of her birth. Earhart made history as the first woman to make a solo flight across the Atlantic, along with many other aviation records. She was also active in promoting women in aviation careers, and a supporter of women's rights in general. She disappeared along with navigator Fred Noonan in 1937 in the Pacific Ocean during an attempt to fly around the globe, and her body has never been found (leading to all kinds of different conspiracy theories). In fact, also in the news today is the cancellation of a search for the wreckage of her plane. Here is a LEGO form of Earhart by Fede1845.

Heliostat power plant

The next entry in our ongoing energy series uses a unique method to heat water (to make steam to turn turbines to generate electricity). Have you ever seen a solar oven? This is essentially a mirror-lined box that reflects the sun's rays onto a central point, where you can cook a hotdog or something. The Planta Solar 10 was the world's first commercial power plant working on the same system, going on line near Seville, Spain, in 2006. An array of movable mirrors are rotated to reflect the sun's rays onto the central tower, where this heats the water to ultimately make electricity. This is different from most solar power, which works on a completely different principle, which I'll get to in a subsequent post. Here are LEGO versions of the PS10 plant by mtrkustoms Alex Fojtik. Mtrkustoms' creation is actually what inspired this whole series on energy.

Attack of the radioactive B-movie monsters

Despite the seriousness of nuclear disasters, it's hard not to have a little bit of morbid humor about the subject. Perhaps the most famous version is Blinky, the three eyed fish from a Simpsons episode, here in LEGO by car_mp.



Monsterbrick's Two heads are better than one.



Jerrec's Oops.



All fun aside, the nuclear disasters have had a huge impact on public perception of nuclear energy. Germany has decided to phase out nuclear power altogether, and even in France, which has relied largely upon nuclear plants, there is a growing move to prefer other power sources. However, as horrible as the two serious incidents were, there are estimates that coal causes about 1000 deaths for every 1 death due to nuclear energy. This includes things like black lung disease, mine collapses, etc, and doesn't even consider the long term impact of coal on the environment including the release of carbon dioxide, acid rain, and the runoff from mining. Now, some may argue that that is all an argument that we shouldn't have either coal or nuclear, but instead should depend on things like wind, solar and hydroelectric. All well and good, but could those provide enough energy to maintain our western lifestyle? Not to mention allow those in developing nations to get to a modern lifestyle? Every time there is a major power outage, there are reports of deaths due to people losing their air conditioning or heat. Also think about medicine. Without modern hospitals, which use power, my daughter would have died at birth due to complications, and possibly my wife as well. My sister would have died last year due to her cancer. My father probably would have died due to complications of his heart condition, and I'm sure there's no way my grandfather would still be alive in his 90's. And that's just my immediate family. So when we say 'maintain our western lifestyle', it's not just about having big screen TVs and iPhones. The lack of electricity would cause many more deaths than these various ways of making electricity. So until we can all make unlimited power from dilithium crystals, we're stuck with having to weigh our different options. I'd say that, despite the big headlines of Chernobyl and Fukushima, nuclear power is going to have to remain a piece of our energy puzzle for many years to come.

Okay, off my soapbox. Tomorrow I'll get to some of these other alternative ways of making electricity.

Fukushima

In the most frightening nuclear incident since Chernobyl, last year the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami caused great damage to the Fukushima nuclear plant in Japan. Three of the reactors were in shutdown at the time of the tsunami, and the other three went into automatic shutdown when the wave hit. Seawater flooded the emergency generators, stopping power to the pumps that were cooling down the three hot reactor cores. This led to those cores going into meltdown, with release of radioactive material into the surrounding environment. No one was directly killed by radiation, though six workers received massive doses and three hundred more had significant exposure. It is estimated that anywhere between 0 and 1000 deaths may be attributed in the future to cancers related to the radiation.

LiLi built this rendition of the Fukushima disaster.



Kenneth the Legoman made this tribute to the brave disaster workers that entered the plant to cool down and contain the radioactive cores.