Hubble

The Hubble Space Telescope (on the right, by RomainGrosjean), has been in operation for the past 22 years. From its vantage point above the earth's atmosphere, it can take amazing high resolution images without the atmospheric distortion or light pollution that plague traditional observatories.

Spirit and Opportunity

The second rovers to land on Mars were Spirit and Opportunity as part of the Mars Exploration Rover Mission. Touchdown occurred in 2004 with a mission designed to last 90 Martian days. Contact with Spirit was finally lost in 2010 while Opportunity continues to operate today, over eight years later. You can learn more about the Mars Exploration Rovers at the official NASA/JPL Mars Exploration Rovers website. Minifig scale rover by apojove.

Pathfinder

Apojove posted these pictures of his Mars Pathfinder, the unmanned probe that landed on Mars in 1997. He depicts it here as a tourist attraction in an imagined future. Interestingly, NASA recently released a request to future lunar explorers to please leave the Apollo landing sites alone to preserve them for future historians and to protect ongoing scientific studies.

Fibonacci

1,1,2,3,5,8,13... Fibonacci in LEGO form by Michaelpatrickryan and Nanley (Kate).

Mars Science Laboratory

A couple of days ago I posted the Curiosity, or the Mars Science Laboratory, by a then-unknown WAMALUG member. It turns out it is by Apojove, who was actually one of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory engineers who helped design this probe.

VAB

Camelboy68 built this version of the Vehicle Assembly Building from the Kennedy Space Center. This building, one of the largest by volume in the world, was built to be large enough to assemble Saturn V rockets, and has been used since 1968 to prepare rockets for launch.

Even more Mars

The LEGO partnership with the Planetary Society and NASA mentioned yesterday had another cool aspect: LEGO on Mars. Each of the two landers launched in 2003 held a CD with the names of four million people who registered (for free, it was all about raising awareness). The disc was held by four LEGO-brick-shaped clamps and had the image of a minifig. BTW, this is only one of several partnerships that LEGO has held with NASA over the years. At some point I'll have to go back and do a comprehensive listing of all of the sets and other collaborations they've done.

More Mars

Following up on yesterday's post, I should note that LEGO has a history with Mars rovers. The LEGO Company partnered with NASA and the Planetary Society in a contest to name the Mars rovers that launched in 2003, with the winners coming up with Spirit (which operated on Mars from 2004-2010) and Opportunity (which is still operational today). As part of the deal, LEGO released a line of NASA themed sets, including 7469, Mission to Mars, and 7471, Mars Exploration Rover.

Mission to Mars

The Space Shuttle Discovery is now in place at its permanent home, the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (in case you don't know, this is a huge complex outside of Washington DC near Dulles Airport - it's part of the whole Smithsonian, just not located down on the Mall near most of the other museums). It looks like WAMALUG recently displayed there, perhaps as part of events surrounding the opening of this new exhibit. A WAMALUG member, presumably TJJohn12, built these Mars probes. The first model is the Curiosity, a rover that is currently en route to Mars (set to land this August) with the mission to study the possibility that Mars ever supported life, collect data in preparation for a potential future manned mission, and to study the soil and geology of Mars. The second is the Mars Pathfinder, which landed on Mars in 1997 and operated for three months (in excess of its planned one month lifetime), conducting tests of the atmosphere and soil. The lander, dubbed the Carl Sagan Memorial Station unfolded to reveal solar panels and release a rolling robot named Sojourner.

Nitrous oxide dimer

Atoms are combined into molecules by covalent bonding, which involves the sharing of electrons. Two or more molecules will associate with each other by noncovalent interactions. These are weaker attractive forces, such as the coulombic attraction between partial charges. Nitrous oxide is a gas that has various uses, including as an anaesthetic and as a component of rocket fuel. In the gas phase, these molecules can come together in a variety of dimeric forms, as described by East and coworkers. Pasukaro76 made a LEGO version of the nonpolar N-in dimer (which happens to be the high energy conformation on the potential energy surface described by East).

Skylab

Skylab (here in virtual LEGO form by iPaloosa) was a space station operated by NASA in the early 1970s. Scientific missions included close observations of solar activity and studies on the long term effects of microgravity on the astronauts (to consider the long term feasibility of living and working in space). In 1979, atmospheric drag caused the space station to lose altitude and then fall back to earth, with debris landing near Perth, Australia.

Extra-vehicular activity

In 1965, Alexey Leonov went on the very first space walk, leaving behind the relative security of his orbiting Voskhod 2 capsule and depending only on his spacesuit for survival. Since then it has become much more common (Wikipedia lists 351 instances) for astronauts to maneuver outside to perform tasks like satellite repairs. Both icare and Dar2k came up with similar space walk scenes for the recent L13 contest on BrickPirate with the them 'head in the stars'.

DNA

All living creatures are coded by the same four nucleic acids, just put together in different orders. Hydrogen bonding allows for the bases to pair up into a twisted ladder structure, which is key to replication, transcription and translation. William Keckler shares this mosaic of the familiar DNA double helix. I suspect that this is actually digitally created rather than built of actual LEGO brick.

Apollo 11

Legohaulic made the Apollo 11 command and service modules on commission and made a lunar lander to complete the set.

Aurora Borealis (and Aurora Australis, for that matter)

In addition to sending out heat and light, the sun also emits a constant stream of charged particles, known as the solar wind. These particles are largely deflected away by the earth's magnetic field, except near the poles, where the lines of the magnetic force form a funnel, leading these particles down towards the upper atmosphere. When these particles encounter molecules such as nitrogen and oxygen gas in the upper atmosphere, some of their energy is transferred, leading to excited state forms of these atmospheric gases. When the excited state forms relax back down to the ground state, that excess energy is given off in the form of light. The result is the light show known as the aurora borealis in the north and the aurora australis in the south. Dave and John from briXwerX made this great northern lights scene. Be sure to watch the video to see the light flickering. BTW, they also dedicated this as a tribute to Heather Braaten and her children.

Cool graphs

This is in some sense more of a business story, but the organization and presentation of data is key to the sciences as well. According to this story, LEGO has saved General Motors $1 million. Two executives from very different areas (healthcare and car manufacturing) were old friends, and they often talk with each other about their problems. They were each struggling with innovative ways to keep track of data. Their solution - LEGO. Using LEGO they could create a very simple three-dimensional graph to keep track of work flow and patient care. As data changes, it was easy to shift pieces around to reflect this. The placement of the bricks, their color, and the sizes of the stacks all have significance. They note that this is very useful in team meetings, as everyone can be sitting around the table and instantly see how things are working. Also, as Mark Wilson writes: "By mapping real world problems to an icon of our youth, each challenge must be approached with an inherent playfulness. And because Legos are, by their very nature, expected to be rebuilt, patterns don’t appear stuck in stone--or just as bad--printed in ink." This is overall a pretty cool idea, and could have applications in any area where information has to be manipulated.

Catch a wave and you're sitting on top of the world

Scientists at the Australian National University have been studying waves. Specifically they are interested in rogue waves. These are sudden large waves that appear in an otherwise calm sea. This is not the same thing as a tsunami, which is triggered by an underwater earthquake. Instead these are sudden freak occurrences, and for a time they were thought of as sailors' tall tales, but they have been clearly documented. There are a variety of proposed causes, but these researchers, among others, think that it is a nonlinear effect where an unstable wave can develop against background vibrations, and this wave can pull energy from other smaller waves - so these other waves flatten out, and this freak wave suddenly grows to great height. This is a variation on Peregrine soliton, a wavefunction solution that has found some application in fiber optics. Anyway, why on this blog? Because the Australian researchers had a bit of fun with their study and had a LEGO pirate on a boat in the wave tank where they were studying these rogue waves. Watch the video to see if the minifig goes down with the ship. (Okay, it's actually an imperial soldier, but all of the articles refer to him as a 'LEGO pirate'.)

Muybridge

In a nice little coincidence of timing, today's Google doodle honors Eadward Muybridge from my last post on the 182nd anniversary of his birth.

Zoetrope

I've previously noted how a zoetrope uses a series of still pictures to trick your brain into seeing movement - essentially the same thing that happens in a movie projector. Here is a zoetrope of a galloping horse by Lego Tron. The galloping horse is a particularly appropriate subject (as Lego Tron notes), because it hearkens back to the work of Eadweard Muybridge. Muybridge was a photographer who was interested in seeing how animals move. In a famous experiment, he set up a series of cameras along a racetrack that were triggered to snap photos as a horse galloped past. These pictures could be strung together in an early version of a motion picture, similar to the zoetrope, called a zoopraxiscope. These pictures also proved that at points during the gallop, all four feet were in the air at once. BTW, I first learned about the Muybridge work after Ahmed Zewail won the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, since he compared his work to Muybridge. Zewail used extremely short (femtosecond) bursts of laser light to "photograph" a reaction in motion, and actually characterize something at (or very near) the transition state. In comparison to the Muybridge work, this is like being able to sit and study the horse with all four feet in the air. Of course you normally can't do that, since the horse would fall to the ground, but you can study the photograph that captures that moment in time. A transition state (which is a point in the reaction path where some bonds from the starting material are breaking and other bonds from the product are being formed) can normally not be observed, since it is so instantaneous, but Zewail gave us a peek behind that curtain.

T Rex

Tyrannosaurus Rex lived throughout what is now western North America in the Maastrichtian age of the upper Cretaceous Period (not the Jurassic, no matter what Chrichton and Spielberg say). He was the largest carnivore around, and is usually depicted as preying on triceratops and others, though some argue he was more scavenger than predator. T Rex's were first discovered a little over a century ago, it seems that there are about 30 or so known specimens, including about 15 skeletons that are more complete. That was surprisingly low to me, but looking at what various paleontologists have written, that seems to be a pretty rich sample size. According to Mahjqa and Steve Demlow there is a complete skeleton just a few feet underground in this LEGO city (Mahjqa designed this, Steve built it). You'd think those LEGO guys would dig it up, as Sue (the largest T Rex found, just over 20 years ago) was bought by the Field Museum in Chicago for over $8 million.



Via MosaicBricks.